As Russian territory rapidly expanded in the 16th century, the idea of Moscow as a "Third Rome" prompted many to envision the city as a major religious center like Rome and Constantinople. This period also corresponded with the European Renaissance, resulting in the development of Russian cities and the promotion of religion, culture, and the arts.

   In the second half of the 17th century, Peter the Great made great efforts to build a strong state, instituted a complete system of reforms, and acquired the advanced technologies and culture of Western Europe, ultimately transforming Russia from an isolated and backward country into a great European power.

   This section includes the articles of daily use from the 16th century to the 17th century Russian palace, illustrating theRussian tsar's luxurious and wealthy court life.